Functions of Nuclear Power Plant 3. A steam turbine is used to convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy. In addition, in some nuclear stations, the turbine generator can power the station's loads while the station is online, without requiring external power. [14], Analysis of the economics of nuclear power must take into account who bears the risks of future uncertainties. The main difference from the dismantling of other power stations is the presence of radioactive material that requires special precautions to remove and safely relocate to a waste repository. News and information on nuclear power, nuclear energy, nuclear energy for sustainable development, uranium mining, uranium enrichment, nuclear generation … Decommissioning involves many administrative and technical actions. Your email address will not be published. Generally speaking, nuclear stations were originally designed for a life of about 30 years. India has been working on thorium-based fuels to design and develop a prototype for an atomic reactor using thorium and low-enriched uranium. The thermal energy from nuclear reactors may also be used to decarbonize other energy-intensive sectors such as transportation – the largest contributor to carbon pollution. [39] In the United States, the Obama administration stepped back from President Bush's plans for commercial-scale reprocessing and reverted to a program focused on reprocessing-related scientific research.[40]. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria NUCLEAR POWER PLANT DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS: STRUCTURE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS IN THE IAEA POWER REACTOR INFORMATION SYSTEM (PRIS) IAEA, VIENNA, 2007 IAEA-TECDOC-1544 ISBN 92–0–102507–6 Professor of sociology Charles Perrow states that multiple and unexpected failures are built into society's complex and tightly-coupled nuclear reactor systems. On the other hand, U-238 does not have that property despite it being the same element. At the center of the reactor is the core, which contains uranium fuel. The coolant may be water or gas, or even liquid metal, depending on the type of reactor. The A-frame design for the structure looks more like a ski chalet than a power plant. Key Areas of a Nuclear Power Plant Usually nuclear plants have very compact sites of 500 to 1000 acres including the exclusion area around the plant. On June 27, 1954, the world's first nuclear power station to generate electricity for a power grid, the Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant, started operations in Obninsk of the Soviet Union. Finally, the breeder reactor can employ not only the recycled plutonium and uranium in spent fuel, but all the actinides, closing the nuclear fuel cycle and potentially multiplying the energy extracted from natural uranium by more than 60 times. [29][30] Critics do not believe that these risks can be reduced through new technology,[31] despite rapid advancements in containment procedures and storage methods. The water-steam cycle corresponds to the Rankine cycle. Objectives. Greenpeace International and European Renewable Energy Council (January 2007). For comparison, consider the operating times for other energy-generating sources: coal plants (54%), natural gas plants (55%), wind generators (37%) and solar plants (27%). 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Rest parts of a nuclear power plant are very similar to conventional thermal power plants. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons. This course is for students interested in the structural aspects of nuclear power plants and the broader field of nuclear energy. A large amount of heat energy is generated due to nuclear fission. Most nuclear stations require two distinct sources of off site power feeding station service transformers that are sufficiently separated in the station’s switchyard and can receive power from multiple transmission lines. Opponents say that nuclear power poses many threats to people and the environment,[who? [36] Reprocessing serves multiple purposes, whose relative importance has changed over time. [8] The world's first full scale power station solely devoted to electricity production—Calder Hall was also meant to produce plutonium—the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania, United States—was connected to the grid on December 18, 1957. The cooling water typically come from a natural body of water such as a river or lake. In its central part, the reactor's core produces heat due to nuclear fission. Description . The cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and transports it to another area of the station, where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to do other useful work. Proponents also believe that nuclear power is the only viable course to achieve energy independence for most Western countries. However, Nuclear Consulting Group head, Paul Dorfman, warned the Gulf nation’s investment into the plant as a risk “further destabilizing the volatile Gulf region, damaging the environment and raising the possibility of nuclear proliferation.”[35], Nuclear reprocessing technology was developed to chemically separate and recover fissionable plutonium from irradiated nuclear fuel. Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors. The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly, as in conventional thermal power stations. [48], Nuclear power plants are routinely used in load following mode on a large scale in France, although "it is generally accepted that this is not an ideal economic situation for nuclear stations. The economics of nuclear power plants is a controversial subject, and multibillion-dollar investments ride on the choice of an energy source. CRS Report For Congress. It includes all clean-up of radioactivity and progressive demolition of the station. However, up to now, there has not been any actual bulk recycling of waste from a NPP, and on-site temporary storage is still being used at almost all plant sites due to construction problems for deep geological repositories. Threats include health risks and environmental damage from uranium mining, processing and transport, the risk of nuclear weapons proliferation or sabotage, and the unsolved problem of radioactive nuclear waste. A nuclear power plant uses the heat that a nuclear reactor produces to turn water into steam, which then drives turbine generators that generate electricity. With the prospect that all spent nuclear fuel could potentially be recycled by using future reactors, generation IV reactors are being designed to completely close the nuclear fuel cycle. As it is a thermal power station, heat (generated from a nuclear reactor) produces steam which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity. A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. Components 4. Actual construction costs often exceed estimates, and spent fuel management costs are difficult to define. § 50.2 Definitions. The most serious accidents to date have been the 1979 Three Mile Island accident, the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, and the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, corresponding to the beginning of the operation of generation II reactors.
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